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1. A systematic deviation of a value from a reference value. (188) 2. The amount by which the average of a set of values departs from a reference value. (188) 3. Electrical, mechanical, magnetic, or other force (field) applied to a device to establish a reference level to operate the device. (188) 4. In telegraph signaling systems, the development of a positive or negative dc voltage at a point on a line that should remain at a specified reference level, such as zero. Note: A bias may be applied or produced by (i) the electrical characteristics of the line, (ii) the terminal equipment, and (iii) the signaling scheme. (188)