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1. In the transmission of data, the excess of transmitted message symbols over that required to convey the essential information in a noise-free circuit. Note: Redundancy may be introduced intentionally (as in the case of error detection or correction codes) or inadvertently (such as by oversampling a band-limited signal, inefficient formats, etc. ). 2. In a communication system, surplus capability usually provided to improve the reliability and quality of service. (188)